# ThermalLoad

> Cold-side receiver of a physical inter-circuit thermal coupling.
> Récepteur côté froid d'un couplage thermique physique inter-circuits.

---

## EN

### Physical model

`ThermalLoad` models a hydronic load segment — e.g. the cooling-water side of
a shared heat exchanger — that receives an **externally-determined heat rate
Q [W]** from the solver's thermal-coupling layer.

It follows the BOLT/Modelica boundary pattern
(`BOLT.BoundaryNode.Coolant.Source → HX → Sink`): the loop's pressure and
inlet temperature are fixed by **boundary components**, not by the load:

```text
BrineSource(P_set, T_in) ──edge──▶ ThermalLoad ──edge──▶ BrineSink(P_back, T free)
```

The outlet temperature is **emergent**: `T_out = T_in + Q / (ṁ·cp)` (the sink
temperature must be left free — do not set `t_set_c` on the `BrineSink`, or
the loop becomes over-determined).

### Residual equations — `n_equations() = 2`

```text
r0:  ṁ − ṁ_design                       (imposed design flow)
r1:  ṁ_design·(h_out − h_in) − Q_ext    (energy balance, Q_ext = state[q_idx])
```

The energy balance uses the *design* flow (a constant): r0 already pins
`ṁ = ṁ_design`, and the constant form keeps the block linear and structurally
nonsingular even when the initializer starts at `ṁ = 0`.

`Q_ext` is read from the per-coupling state unknown wired by
`System::finalize()` via `Component::set_external_heat_index`. Unwired ⇒
`Q_ext = 0` (adiabatic pass-through).

### DoF balance (water loop)

Unknowns: 1 ṁ (shared branch) + 2×(P,h) + 1 Q = 6.
Equations: BrineSource 2 + ThermalLoad 2 + BrineSink 1 (T free) + coupling 1 = 6. ✓

### Jacobian

Exact and analytic (the whole block is linear): unit entry on the ṁ row,
`±ṁ_design` on r1's enthalpy columns, `−1` on the coupling Q column.

### Operational states

| State | r0 | r1 |
|---|---|---|
| `On` | `ṁ = ṁ_design` | `ṁ_design·Δh = Q` |
| `Bypass` | `ṁ = ṁ_design` | `h_out = h_in` (adiabatic) |
| `Off` | `ṁ = 0` | `h_out = h_in` |

### `measure_output`

| Kind | Value |
|---|---|
| `Capacity` / `HeatTransferRate` | `abs(Q_ext)` [W] |
| `MassFlowRate` | inlet ṁ [kg/s] |

### `energy_transfers`

`(Q_ext, 0)` — heat added *to* the component is positive. The component is
**excluded from cycle-performance aggregation** (`counts_in_cycle_performance()
= false`): the absorbed Q is the primary cycle's rejected duty, not extra
cooling capacity. It still participates in per-component First Law validation.

### JSON parameters (CLI)

| Parameter | Unit | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| `mass_flow_kg_s` | kg/s | `0.5` | Imposed design mass flow (must be > 0) |

### Usage with `thermal_couplings`

```json
"components": [
  { "type": "BrineSource", "name": "cw_in", "fluid": "Water",
    "p_set_bar": 2.0, "t_set_c": 30.0 },
  { "type": "ThermalLoad", "name": "cw_load", "mass_flow_kg_s": 0.9 },
  { "type": "BrineSink", "name": "cw_out", "fluid": "Water", "p_back_bar": 2.0 }
],
...
"thermal_couplings": [
  { "hot_circuit": 0, "cold_circuit": 1, "ua": 5000.0, "efficiency": 1.0,
    "hot_component": "cond", "cold_component": "cw_load" }
]
```

The coupling owns one unknown Q closed against the hot component's measured
duty (`Q = η·duty_hot` via `measure_output(Capacity)`); the `ThermalLoad`
consumes Q in r1, so the heat genuinely crosses the circuit boundary and the
First Law closes across circuits. Keep the water-loop conditions consistent
with the hot component's secondary stream (same T_in, ṁ, cp).

Full example: `crates/cli/examples/chiller_r410a_coupled_water_loop.json`.

---

## FR

### Modèle physique

`ThermalLoad` modélise un segment de charge hydronique — par exemple le côté
eau de refroidissement d'un échangeur partagé — qui reçoit une **puissance
thermique Q [W] déterminée extérieurement** par la couche de couplage
thermique du solveur.

Il suit le pattern de frontières BOLT/Modelica
(`BOLT.BoundaryNode.Coolant.Source → HX → Sink`) : la pression et la
température d'entrée de la boucle sont fixées par des **composants
frontières**, pas par la charge :

```text
BrineSource(P_set, T_in) ──arête──▶ ThermalLoad ──arête──▶ BrineSink(P_back, T libre)
```

La température de sortie est **émergente** : `T_out = T_in + Q / (ṁ·cp)`
(laisser la température du sink libre — ne pas mettre `t_set_c` sur le
`BrineSink`, sinon la boucle est surdéterminée).

### Équations résiduelles — `n_equations() = 2`

Débit imposé (`ṁ = ṁ_design`) + bilan d'énergie
(`ṁ_design·(h_out − h_in) = Q_ext`). Le bilan utilise le débit de *conception*
(constante) : r0 épingle déjà ṁ, et la forme constante garde le bloc linéaire
et structurellement non singulier même si l'initialiseur part de ṁ = 0.

`Q_ext` est lu depuis l'inconnu d'état du couplage, câblé par
`System::finalize()` via `set_external_heat_index`. Non câblé ⇒ `Q_ext = 0`
(passage adiabatique).

### Bilan DoF (boucle d'eau)

Inconnues : 1 ṁ (branche partagée) + 2×(P,h) + 1 Q = 6.
Équations : BrineSource 2 + ThermalLoad 2 + BrineSink 1 (T libre) + couplage 1 = 6. ✓

### `energy_transfers` et performance

`(Q_ext, 0)` — chaleur reçue positive. Le composant est **exclu de
l'agrégation de performance du cycle** (`counts_in_cycle_performance() =
false`) : le Q absorbé est la puissance rejetée du cycle primaire. Il
participe néanmoins à la validation du 1er principe par composant.

### Paramètres JSON (CLI)

`mass_flow_kg_s` (kg/s, défaut 0.5) — débit de conception imposé.
P et T_in se règlent sur le `BrineSource` ; P_back sur le `BrineSink`.

Exemple complet : `crates/cli/examples/chiller_r410a_coupled_water_loop.json`.
