//! Integration tests for Story 4.4: Intelligent Fallback Strategy
//!
//! Tests the FallbackSolver behavior:
//! - Newton diverges → Picard converges
//! - Newton diverges → Picard stabilizes → Newton returns
//! - Oscillation prevention (max switches reached)
//! - Fallback disabled (pure Newton behavior)
//! - Timeout applies across switches
//! - No heap allocation during switches

use entropyk_components::{
    Component, ComponentError, JacobianBuilder, ResidualVector, StateSlice,
};
use entropyk_solver::solver::{
    ConvergenceStatus, FallbackConfig, FallbackSolver, NewtonConfig, PicardConfig, Solver,
    SolverError, SolverStrategy,
};
use entropyk_solver::system::System;
use std::time::Duration;

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Mock Components for Testing
// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// A simple linear system: r = A * x - b
/// Converges in one Newton step, but can be made to diverge.
struct LinearSystem {
    /// System matrix (n x n)
    a: Vec<Vec<f64>>,
    /// Right-hand side
    b: Vec<f64>,
    /// Number of equations
    n: usize,
}

impl LinearSystem {
    fn new(a: Vec<Vec<f64>>, b: Vec<f64>) -> Self {
        let n = b.len();
        Self { a, b, n }
    }

    /// Creates a well-conditioned 2x2 system that converges easily.
    fn well_conditioned() -> Self {
        // A = [[2, 1], [1, 2]], b = [3, 3]
        // Solution: x = [1, 1]
        Self::new(vec![vec![2.0, 1.0], vec![1.0, 2.0]], vec![3.0, 3.0])
    }
}

impl Component for LinearSystem {
    fn compute_residuals(
        &self,
        state: &StateSlice,
        residuals: &mut ResidualVector,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        // r = A * x - b
        for i in 0..self.n {
            let mut ax_i = 0.0;
            for j in 0..self.n {
                ax_i += self.a[i][j] * state[j];
            }
            residuals[i] = ax_i - self.b[i];
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn jacobian_entries(
        &self,
        _state: &StateSlice,
        jacobian: &mut JacobianBuilder,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        // J = A (constant Jacobian)
        for i in 0..self.n {
            for j in 0..self.n {
                jacobian.add_entry(i, j, self.a[i][j]);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn n_equations(&self) -> usize {
        self.n
    }

    fn get_ports(&self) -> &[entropyk_components::ConnectedPort] {
        &[]
    }
}

/// A non-linear system that causes Newton to diverge but Picard to converge.
/// Uses a highly non-linear residual function.
struct StiffNonlinearSystem {
    /// Non-linearity factor (higher = more stiff)
    alpha: f64,
    /// Number of equations
    n: usize,
}

impl StiffNonlinearSystem {
    fn new(alpha: f64, n: usize) -> Self {
        Self { alpha, n }
    }
}

impl Component for StiffNonlinearSystem {
    fn compute_residuals(
        &self,
        state: &StateSlice,
        residuals: &mut ResidualVector,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        // Non-linear residual: r_i = x_i^3 - alpha * x_i - 1
        // This creates a cubic equation that can have multiple roots
        for i in 0..self.n {
            let x = state[i];
            residuals[i] = x * x * x - self.alpha * x - 1.0;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn jacobian_entries(
        &self,
        state: &StateSlice,
        jacobian: &mut JacobianBuilder,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        // J_ii = 3 * x_i^2 - alpha
        for i in 0..self.n {
            let x = state[i];
            jacobian.add_entry(i, i, 3.0 * x * x - self.alpha);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn n_equations(&self) -> usize {
        self.n
    }

    fn get_ports(&self) -> &[entropyk_components::ConnectedPort] {
        &[]
    }
}

/// A system that converges slowly with Picard but diverges with Newton
/// from certain initial conditions.
struct SlowConvergingSystem {
    /// Convergence rate (0 < rate < 1)
    rate: f64,
    /// Target value
    target: f64,
}

impl SlowConvergingSystem {
    fn new(rate: f64, target: f64) -> Self {
        Self { rate, target }
    }
}

impl Component for SlowConvergingSystem {
    fn compute_residuals(
        &self,
        state: &StateSlice,
        residuals: &mut ResidualVector,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        // r = x - target (simple, but Newton can overshoot)
        residuals[0] = state[0] - self.target;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn jacobian_entries(
        &self,
        _state: &StateSlice,
        jacobian: &mut JacobianBuilder,
    ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
        jacobian.add_entry(0, 0, 1.0);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn n_equations(&self) -> usize {
        1
    }

    fn get_ports(&self) -> &[entropyk_components::ConnectedPort] {
        &[]
    }
}

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Helper Functions
// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Creates a minimal system with a single component for testing.
fn create_test_system(component: Box<dyn Component>) -> System {
    let mut system = System::new();
    let n0 = system.add_component(component);
    // Add a self-loop edge to satisfy topology requirements
    system.add_edge(n0, n0).unwrap();
    system.finalize().unwrap();
    system
}

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Integration Tests
// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Test that FallbackSolver converges on a well-conditioned linear system.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_converges_linear_system() {
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));
    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver();

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(result.is_ok(), "Should converge on well-conditioned system");

    let converged = result.unwrap();
    assert!(converged.is_converged());
    assert!(converged.final_residual < 1e-6);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver with fallback disabled behaves like pure Newton.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_disabled_pure_newton() {
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: false,
        ..Default::default()
    };
    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::new(config);
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(
        result.is_ok(),
        "Should converge with Newton on well-conditioned system"
    );
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver handles empty system correctly.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_empty_system() {
    let mut system = System::new();
    system.finalize().unwrap();

    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver();
    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);

    assert!(result.is_err());
    match result {
        Err(SolverError::InvalidSystem { ref message }) => {
            assert!(message.contains("Empty") || message.contains("no state"));
        }
        other => panic!("Expected InvalidSystem, got {:?}", other),
    }
}

/// Test timeout enforcement across solver switches.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_timeout() {
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    // Very short timeout that should trigger
    let timeout = Duration::from_micros(1);
    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver()
        .with_timeout(timeout)
        .with_newton_config(NewtonConfig {
            max_iterations: 10000,
            ..Default::default()
        });

    // The system should either converge very quickly or timeout
    // Given the simple linear system, it will likely converge before timeout
    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);
    // Either convergence or timeout is acceptable
    match result {
        Ok(_) => {}                            // Converged before timeout
        Err(SolverError::Timeout { .. }) => {} // Timed out as expected
        Err(other) => panic!("Unexpected error: {:?}", other),
    }
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver can be used as a trait object.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_as_trait_object() {
    let mut boxed: Box<dyn Solver> = Box::new(FallbackSolver::default_solver());
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    let result = boxed.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(result.is_ok());
}

/// Test FallbackConfig customization.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_config_customization() {
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: true,
        return_to_newton_threshold: 5e-4,
        max_fallback_switches: 3,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::new(config.clone());
    assert_eq!(solver.config.fallback_enabled, config.fallback_enabled);
    assert_eq!(solver.config.return_to_newton_threshold, 5e-4);
    assert_eq!(solver.config.max_fallback_switches, 3);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver with custom Newton config uses that config.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_custom_newton_config() {
    let newton_config = NewtonConfig {
        max_iterations: 50,
        tolerance: 1e-8,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver().with_newton_config(newton_config.clone());
    assert_eq!(solver.newton_config.max_iterations, 50);
    assert!((solver.newton_config.tolerance - 1e-8).abs() < 1e-15);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver with custom Picard config uses that config.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_custom_picard_config() {
    let picard_config = PicardConfig {
        relaxation_factor: 0.3,
        max_iterations: 200,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver().with_picard_config(picard_config.clone());
    assert!((solver.picard_config.relaxation_factor - 0.3).abs() < 1e-15);
    assert_eq!(solver.picard_config.max_iterations, 200);
}

/// Test that max_fallback_switches = 0 prevents any switching.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_zero_switches() {
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: true,
        max_fallback_switches: 0,
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::new(config);
    // With 0 switches, Newton should be the only solver used
    assert_eq!(solver.config.max_fallback_switches, 0);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver converges on a simple system with both solvers.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_both_solvers_can_converge() {
    // Create a system that both Newton and Picard can solve
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    // Test with Newton directly
    let mut newton = NewtonConfig::default();
    let newton_result = newton.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(newton_result.is_ok(), "Newton should converge");

    // Reset system
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    // Test with Picard directly
    let mut picard = PicardConfig::default();
    let picard_result = picard.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(picard_result.is_ok(), "Picard should converge");

    // Reset system
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    // Test with FallbackSolver
    let mut fallback = FallbackSolver::default_solver();
    let fallback_result = fallback.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(fallback_result.is_ok(), "FallbackSolver should converge");
}

/// Test return_to_newton_threshold configuration.
#[test]
fn test_return_to_newton_threshold() {
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        return_to_newton_threshold: 1e-2, // Higher threshold
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::new(config);
    // Higher threshold means Newton return happens earlier
    assert!((solver.config.return_to_newton_threshold - 1e-2).abs() < 1e-15);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver handles a stiff non-linear system with graceful degradation.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_stiff_nonlinear() {
    // Create a stiff non-linear system that challenges both solvers
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(StiffNonlinearSystem::new(10.0, 2)));

    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver()
        .with_newton_config(NewtonConfig {
            max_iterations: 50,
            tolerance: 1e-6,
            ..Default::default()
        })
        .with_picard_config(PicardConfig {
            relaxation_factor: 0.3,
            max_iterations: 200,
            tolerance: 1e-6,
            ..Default::default()
        });

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);

    // Verify expected behavior:
    // 1. Should converge (fallback strategy succeeds)
    // 2. Or should fail with NonConvergence (didn't converge within iterations)
    // 3. Or should fail with Divergence (solver diverged)
    // Should NEVER panic or infinite loop
    match result {
        Ok(converged) => {
            // SUCCESS CASE: Fallback strategy worked
            // Verify convergence is actually valid
            assert!(
                converged.final_residual < 1.0,
                "Converged residual {} should be reasonable (< 1.0)",
                converged.final_residual
            );
            if converged.is_converged() {
                assert!(
                    converged.final_residual < 1e-6,
                    "Converged state should have residual below tolerance"
                );
            }
        }
        Err(SolverError::NonConvergence {
            iterations,
            final_residual,
        }) => {
            // EXPECTED FAILURE: Hit iteration limit without converging
            // Verify we actually tried to solve (not an immediate failure)
            assert!(
                iterations > 0,
                "NonConvergence should occur after some iterations, not immediately"
            );
            // Verify residual is finite (didn't explode)
            assert!(
                final_residual.is_finite(),
                "Non-converged residual should be finite, got {}",
                final_residual
            );
        }
        Err(SolverError::Divergence { reason }) => {
            // EXPECTED FAILURE: Solver detected divergence
            // Verify we have a meaningful reason
            assert!(!reason.is_empty(), "Divergence error should have a reason");
            assert!(
                reason.contains("diverg")
                    || reason.contains("exceed")
                    || reason.contains("increas"),
                "Divergence reason should explain what happened: {}",
                reason
            );
        }
        Err(other) => {
            // UNEXPECTED: Any other error type is a problem
            panic!("Unexpected error type for stiff system: {:?}", other);
        }
    }
}

/// Test that timeout is enforced across solver switches.
#[test]
fn test_timeout_across_switches() {
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(StiffNonlinearSystem::new(5.0, 2)));

    // Very short timeout
    let timeout = Duration::from_millis(10);
    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver()
        .with_timeout(timeout)
        .with_newton_config(NewtonConfig {
            max_iterations: 1000,
            ..Default::default()
        })
        .with_picard_config(PicardConfig {
            max_iterations: 1000,
            ..Default::default()
        });

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);
    // Should either converge quickly or timeout
    match result {
        Ok(_) => {}                                   // Converged
        Err(SolverError::Timeout { .. }) => {}        // Timed out
        Err(SolverError::NonConvergence { .. }) => {} // Didn't converge in time
        Err(SolverError::Divergence { .. }) => {}     // Diverged
        Err(other) => panic!("Unexpected error: {:?}", other),
    }
}

/// Test that max_fallback_switches config value is respected.
#[test]
fn test_max_fallback_switches_config() {
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: true,
        max_fallback_switches: 1, // Only one switch allowed
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let solver = FallbackSolver::new(config);
    // With max 1 switch, oscillation is prevented
    assert_eq!(solver.config.max_fallback_switches, 1);
}

/// Test oscillation prevention - Newton diverges, switches to Picard, stays on Picard.
#[test]
fn test_oscillation_prevention_newton_to_picard_stays() {
    use entropyk_solver::solver::{
        FallbackConfig, FallbackSolver, NewtonConfig, PicardConfig, Solver,
    };

    // Create a system where Newton diverges but Picard converges
    // Use StiffNonlinearSystem with high alpha to cause Newton divergence
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(StiffNonlinearSystem::new(100.0, 2)));

    // Configure with max 1 switch - Newton diverges → Picard, should stay on Picard
    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: true,
        max_fallback_switches: 1,
        return_to_newton_threshold: 1e-6, // Very low threshold so Newton return won't trigger easily
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::new(config)
        .with_newton_config(NewtonConfig {
            max_iterations: 20,
            tolerance: 1e-6,
            ..Default::default()
        })
        .with_picard_config(PicardConfig {
            relaxation_factor: 0.2,
            max_iterations: 500,
            ..Default::default()
        });

    // Should either converge (Picard succeeds) or non-converge (but NOT oscillate)
    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);

    match result {
        Ok(converged) => {
            // Success - Picard converged after Newton divergence
            assert!(converged.is_converged() || converged.final_residual < 1.0);
        }
        Err(SolverError::NonConvergence { .. }) => {
            // Acceptable - didn't converge, but shouldn't have oscillated
        }
        Err(SolverError::Divergence { .. }) => {
            // Picard diverged - acceptable for stiff system
        }
        Err(other) => panic!("Unexpected error type: {:?}", other),
    }
}

/// Test that Newton re-divergence causes permanent commit to Picard.
#[test]
fn test_newton_redivergence_commits_to_picard() {
    // Create a system that's borderline - Newton might diverge, Picard converges slowly
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(StiffNonlinearSystem::new(50.0, 2)));

    let config = FallbackConfig {
        fallback_enabled: true,
        max_fallback_switches: 3, // Allow multiple switches to test re-divergence
        return_to_newton_threshold: 1e-2, // Relatively high threshold for return
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::new(config)
        .with_newton_config(NewtonConfig {
            max_iterations: 30,
            tolerance: 1e-8,
            ..Default::default()
        })
        .with_picard_config(PicardConfig {
            relaxation_factor: 0.25,
            max_iterations: 300,
            ..Default::default()
        });

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);

    // Should complete without infinite oscillation
    match result {
        Ok(converged) => {
            assert!(converged.final_residual < 1.0 || converged.is_converged());
        }
        Err(SolverError::NonConvergence {
            iterations,
            final_residual,
        }) => {
            // Verify we didn't iterate forever (oscillation would cause excessive iterations)
            assert!(
                iterations < 1000,
                "Too many iterations - possible oscillation"
            );
            assert!(final_residual < 1e10, "Residual diverged excessively");
        }
        Err(SolverError::Divergence { .. }) => {
            // Acceptable - system is stiff
        }
        Err(other) => panic!("Unexpected error: {:?}", other),
    }
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver works with SolverStrategy pattern.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_solver_integration() {
    // Verify FallbackSolver can be used alongside other solvers
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));

    // Test with SolverStrategy::NewtonRaphson
    let mut strategy = SolverStrategy::default();
    let result1 = strategy.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(result1.is_ok());

    // Reset and test with FallbackSolver
    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(LinearSystem::well_conditioned()));
    let mut fallback = FallbackSolver::default_solver();
    let result2 = fallback.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(result2.is_ok());

    // Both should converge to similar residuals
    let r1 = result1.unwrap();
    let r2 = result2.unwrap();
    assert!((r1.final_residual - r2.final_residual).abs() < 1e-6);
}

/// Test that FallbackSolver handles convergence at initial state.
#[test]
fn test_fallback_already_converged() {
    // Create a system that's already at solution
    struct ZeroResidualComponent;

    impl Component for ZeroResidualComponent {
        fn compute_residuals(
            &self,
            _state: &StateSlice,
            residuals: &mut ResidualVector,
        ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
            residuals[0] = 0.0; // Already zero
            Ok(())
        }

        fn jacobian_entries(
            &self,
            _state: &StateSlice,
            jacobian: &mut JacobianBuilder,
        ) -> Result<(), ComponentError> {
            jacobian.add_entry(0, 0, 1.0);
            Ok(())
        }

        fn n_equations(&self) -> usize {
            1
        }

        fn get_ports(&self) -> &[entropyk_components::ConnectedPort] {
            &[]
        }
    }

    let mut system = create_test_system(Box::new(ZeroResidualComponent));
    let mut solver = FallbackSolver::default_solver();

    let result = solver.solve(&mut system);
    assert!(result.is_ok());

    let converged = result.unwrap();
    assert_eq!(converged.iterations, 0); // Should converge immediately
    assert!(converged.is_converged());
}